Module 4: IDEs & Tools
What if you wanted to fit a cuadratic expression? You would need to change arrays \(X\) and \(\mathbf{b}\) inside the Normal Equation of the previous exercise:
\[\mathbf{Y} = (y_1, ..., y_N)\]
\[X = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & x_1 & x_1^2\\ ...\\ 1 & x_N & x_N^2 \end{pmatrix} \]
\[\mathbf{b} = (b_0, b_1, b_2)\]
Exercise 1. Generate any number of \((x, y)\) points following the expression \(y = 2x - x^2\). Then add some noise to the values of \(y\). You can, for instance, add a random value from a normal distribution: \(\hat{y} = y + \text{N}(0, 1)\).
Exercise 2. Finally, do a linear regression on \((x, \hat{y})\).
# Solution (part 1)
# Generate 10 values of (x, y)
x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 10)
y = 2 * x - np.power(x, 2)
# Add noise to y
y_hat = y + np.random.normal(0, 1, len(x))
# Plot both original and noise points
# The following code uses matplotlib
# You will learn about it in the 2nd semester
plt.plot(x, y, 'bo', label="Original")
plt.plot(x, y_hat, 'ro', label="Noisy")
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel("X-axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-axis")
plt.show()NameError: name 'np' is not defined# Solution (part 2)
# Generate the matrix X
ones = np.ones(len(x))
x2 = np.power(x, 2)
X = np.vstack([ones, x, x2]).T
# Compute the matrix b
b = np.linalg.inv(X.T @ X) @ X.T @ y_hat
# Now we can use the vector b to estimate any value of y
# Lets visuallize the line defined by b
x_line = np.linspace(x[0], x[-1], 100)
y_line = b[0] + b[1] * x_line + b[2] * np.power(x_line, 2)
# The following code uses matplotlib
# You will learn about it in the 2nd semester
plt.plot(x, y, 'ro', label="Data (Noisy)")
plt.plot(x_line, y_line, 'b-', label="Line")
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel("X-axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-axis")
plt.show()NameError: name 'np' is not defined