Fundamentals Loop

Module 1: Python Fundamentals

Fundamentals: Looping in Python

For loops are a fundamental tool in programming. They allow us to iterate over the elements of a list.

Before introducing the loops, let us see two other Python elements: lists and print. Both will be expanded upon in future lessons, but will be useful now to work with loops.

What is a List?

In programming, we often work with collections of data. One common way to handle collections is by using lists. A list is an ordered collection of elements. These elements can be numbers, strings, or any other data type.

# For example, here is a list of numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(numbers)

We will explain lists in detail later on this course. For now, it is enough for us to know that we can create lists using the brakets [], and that lists can contain any kind of variable (numeric, string, boolean…).

mixed_list = [1, "b", True, 4]

print(mixed_list)

For Loops

For loops are a fundamental tool in programming. They allow us to iterate over the elements of a list.

The structure of a For loop is:

for <element> in <list>:
  <code>

The loop will executive its <code> for each one of the <element> in the <list>.

For instance, let’s say we have a list of numbers, and we want to print each number:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for num in numbers:
  print(num)

See that the code inside the loop does not even need to use the elements we are iterating over:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for num in numbers:
  print("I do not care about the number")

But what if we want to print the numbers from 1 to 100?

Using `range()` with For Loops

Python provides a built-in function called range(<start>, <stop>) that generates a sequence of numbers from <start> to <stop> but not including the last number. You can use range() in for loops to iterate over a range of numbers.

For example, let’s print the numbers from 1 to 100 using range():

for num in range(1, 101):
  print(num)

We can just write range(<stop>) too and it will start in 0:

for num in range(101):
  print(num)

And even specify the stride (step between values) with range(<start>, <strop>, <stride>):

for num in range(1, 101, 3):
  print(num)

Exercise

Write a program to compute the factorial of any number.

\[5! = 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1\]

num = 5

# Initialize the result
result = 1

# Loop from 1 to the number (included)
for value in range(1, num + 1):
  # Update result by multiplication
  result = result * value

print(result)

Updating Variables in For Loops

Many times when we work with loops, we want to update one of our variables. Remember variables can be reassigned.

For instance, lets make a sentence out of a list of words:

list_words = ["Hello", "my", "name", "is", "Daniel"]

# We initialize the output variable
# In this case, it will be an empty string
sentence = ""

# This code will add words to the sentence
for word in list_words:
  # The word is added to the sentence
  sentence = sentence + word
  print(sentence)

Exercise

How would you add spaces to that sentence?

Nested For Loops

We can include a loop inside another.

Exercise

What is the output you expect from this loop?

for number in range(3):
  for letter in ["a", "b", "c"]:
    print(number, letter)

Flow Control inside For Loops

We can also combine IF clauses and for loops:

for number in [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2]:
  if number < 0:
    print(f"{number} is negative")
  else:
    print(f"{number} is zero or positive")

Exercise

Write a code that finds all factors of any given number.

A factor is a number that divides the given number without any remainder.

num = 52

for factor in range(2, num):
  if (num % factor) == 0:
    print(f"{factor} is a factor of {num}")

Skipping One Iteration in a Loop

The command continue will stop the current iteration of the loop and jump to the next one.

for <element> in <list>:
  <code1>
  if <condition>:
    continue
  <code2>

In the sample structure above, the loop will always execute <code1>. Then, if <condition> is met, will jump to the next <element> and skip <code2>.

for num in range(5):
  # This always happens
  print(num)
  # If the number is 2, we skip the next part
  if num == 2:
    continue
  # This happens for all numbers except 2
  print(f"{num} x 2 = {num * 2}")

Exercise

Read the code below and, without running it, guess what messages will be printed.

for n in range(1, 10):
  sqn = n ** (1/2)
  if sqn % 1 == 0:
    continue
  print(n)

Stopping Loops Early

The command break will stop the For loop. We usually use it in combination with an IF clause.

for <element> in <list>:
  if <condition>:
    break
  <code>

In the structure below, the loop will stop once the <condition> is met. Else, it runs the <code> as usual.

for number in range(10):
  if number > 5:
    print("Stop!")
    break
  print(number)

Notice that break only stops one loop. When working with nested For loops, breaking an inner loop will not stop the outer one.

for number in range(5):
  for letter in ["a", "b", "c"]:
    print(letter)
    if letter == "b":
      # This break only stops the loop of "letter"
      break

Exercise

Write a program that gets list of numbers and calculates the sum of these numbers until the sum equates or exceeds a certain threshold (e.g., 100). It prints a message with the result and the number where it stopped.

list_numbers = [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9]
threshold = 10

# Initialize the result in 0
result = 0

# Loop through the list of numbers
for number in list_numbers:
  # Update the result
  result = number + result
  # Check if the result reached the threshold
  if result >= threshold:
    print(f"Stopped at {number}. Result is {result}")
    break

print(result)

Exercise

Fix the following cells of code.

# Multiply all odd numbers until the result is higher than "n"
n = 1000
result = 0

for i in range(n):
  if i % 2 == 1:
    result = result * i
  if result > n:
    break

print(result)

While Loops

In addition to for loops, there’s another type of loop called a while loop. A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a condition is True.

while <condition>:
  <code>

# Let's use a while loop to count from 1 to 5
num = 1
while num <= 5:
    print(num)
    num = num + 1

Exercise

list_numbers = [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9]
threshold = 10

# Initialize the result in 0
result = 0
# Initialize the list index in 0
index = 0

# Loop through the list of numbers
while result < threshold:
  # Update the result
  result = list_numbers[index] + result
  # Move the index forward
  index = index + 1

print(f"Stopped at {list_numbers[index]}. Result is {result}")

Bear in mind that, if the condition never updates, the While loop will run forever! If you run into this case, you can stop the execution by clicking on the “stop” button at the left of the cell.

num = 1

# This loop will never end
while num > 0:
  num = num + 1
  print(num)

Exercise

Read the following problems and answer: would you use a FOR loop or a WHILE loop?

Calculate the sum of the first 50 even numbers.
List the first 20 terms of the Fibonacci sequence.
Find the first number in the Fibonacci sequence that is higher than 999.
Print all the multiples of 5 between 1 and 100.
Find the first 10 prime numbers.
Continuously divide a number by 2 until the result is less than 1.
Compute the sum of the digits of a number until the sum becomes a single-digit number.
Generate and print the first 15 square numbers (1, 4, 9, 16, …).

Answer.

You know exactly how many even numbers you need (50), so a FOR loop is suitable.
The number of terms is fixed (20), making a FOR loop appropriate.
You don’t know how many iterations it will take to reach a number greater than 999, so a WHILE loop is more suitable.
The range of numbers (1 to 100) is fixed, so a FOR loop is ideal.
You need exactly 10 primes, so a FOR loop is suitable for counting up to 10.
The number of divisions needed is not predetermined, so a WHILE loop is best.
You do not know how many times you will need to sum the digits, so a WHILE loop is appropriate.
The number of square numbers is fixed (15), making a FOR loop ideal.

Now try to code those exercises on your own! Feel free to use Gemini if you get stuck.

# Code the exercises

Exercise

Why are the following WHILE loops never ending?

i = 1
while i != 0:
  print(f"The value of i={i} is not zero.")
  i += 1

n = 2
while n % 2 == 0:
  print(f"n is still even: {n}")
  n = n * 2

i = 1
while i > 0:
    i = i // 2
    print(f"i is now: {i}")
    i += 1

--- title: "Fundamentals Loop" subtitle: "Module 1: Python Fundamentals" format: html --- [Review time!](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1khlSGrLxAUmiC7JZ1FbkVK8Za4wUIQIt?usp=sharing) --- # Fundamentals: Looping in Python For loops are a fundamental tool in programming. They allow us to iterate over the elements of a list. Before introducing the loops, let us see two other Python elements: lists and print. Both will be expanded upon in future lessons, but will be useful now to work with loops. ## What is a List? In programming, we often work with collections of data. One common way to handle collections is by using **lists**. A list is an ordered collection of elements. These elements can be numbers, strings, or any other data type. ```{python} # For example, here is a list of numbers numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] print(numbers) ``` We will explain lists in detail later on this course. For now, it is enough for us to know that we can create lists using the brakets `[]`, and that lists can contain any kind of variable (numeric, string, boolean...). ```{python} mixed_list = [1, "b", True, 4] print(mixed_list) ``` --- ## For Loops **For loops** are a fundamental tool in programming. They allow us to iterate over the elements of a list. The structure of a For loop is: ```python for <element> in <list>: <code> ``` The loop will executive its `<code>` for each one of the `<element>` in the `<list>`. For instance, let's say we have a list of numbers, and we want to print each number: ```{python} numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] for num in numbers: print(num) ``` See that the code inside the loop does not even need to use the elements we are iterating over: ```{python} numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] for num in numbers: print("I do not care about the number") ``` _But what if we want to print the numbers from 1 to 100?_ --- ## Using `range()` with For Loops Python provides a built-in function called `range(<start>, <stop>)` that generates a sequence of numbers from `<start>` to `<stop>` but not including the last number. You can use `range()` in for loops to iterate over a range of numbers. For example, let's print the numbers from 1 to 100 using `range()`: ```{python} for num in range(1, 101): print(num) ``` We can just write `range(<stop>)` too and it will start in 0: ```{python} for num in range(101): print(num) ``` And even specify the stride (step between values) with `range(<start>, <strop>, <stride>)`: ```{python} for num in range(1, 101, 3): print(num) ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Write a program to compute the factorial of any number. $$5! = 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1$$ ```{python} num = 5 # Initialize the result result = 1 # Loop from 1 to the number (included) for value in range(1, num + 1): # Update result by multiplication result = result * value print(result) ``` ::: --- ## Updating Variables in For Loops Many times when we work with loops, we want to update one of our variables. Remember variables can be reassigned. For instance, lets make a sentence out of a list of words: ```{python} list_words = ["Hello", "my", "name", "is", "Daniel"] # We initialize the output variable # In this case, it will be an empty string sentence = "" # This code will add words to the sentence for word in list_words: # The word is added to the sentence sentence = sentence + word print(sentence) ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise How would you add spaces to that sentence? ::: --- ## Nested For Loops We can include a loop inside another. <img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20220801153940/Nestedloop.png" style="height: 100px"/> ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise What is the output you expect from this loop? ```{python} for number in range(3): for letter in ["a", "b", "c"]: print(number, letter) ``` ::: --- ## Flow Control inside For Loops We can also combine IF clauses and for loops: ```{python} for number in [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2]: if number < 0: print(f"{number} is negative") else: print(f"{number} is zero or positive") ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Write a code that finds all factors of any given number. A factor is a number that divides the given number without any remainder. ```{python} num = 52 for factor in range(2, num): if (num % factor) == 0: print(f"{factor} is a factor of {num}") ``` ::: --- ## Skipping One Iteration in a Loop The command `continue` will stop the current iteration of the loop and jump to the next one. ```python for <element> in <list>: <code1> if <condition>: continue <code2> ``` In the sample structure above, the loop will always execute `<code1>`. Then, if `<condition>` is met, will jump to the next `<element>` and skip `<code2>`. ```{python} for num in range(5): # This always happens print(num) # If the number is 2, we skip the next part if num == 2: continue # This happens for all numbers except 2 print(f"{num} x 2 = {num * 2}") ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Read the code below and, without running it, guess what messages will be printed. ```{python} for n in range(1, 10): sqn = n ** (1/2) if sqn % 1 == 0: continue print(n) ``` ::: --- ## Stopping Loops Early The command `break` will stop the For loop. We usually use it in combination with an IF clause. ```python for <element> in <list>: if <condition>: break <code> ``` In the structure below, the loop will stop once the `<condition>` is met. Else, it runs the `<code>` as usual. ```{python} for number in range(10): if number > 5: print("Stop!") break print(number) ``` Notice that `break` only stops one loop. When working with nested For loops, breaking an inner loop will not stop the outer one. ```{python} for number in range(5): for letter in ["a", "b", "c"]: print(letter) if letter == "b": # This break only stops the loop of "letter" break ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Write a program that gets list of numbers and calculates the sum of these numbers until the sum equates or exceeds a certain threshold (e.g., 100). It prints a message with the result and the number where it stopped. ```{python} list_numbers = [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9] threshold = 10 # Initialize the result in 0 result = 0 # Loop through the list of numbers for number in list_numbers: # Update the result result = number + result # Check if the result reached the threshold if result >= threshold: print(f"Stopped at {number}. Result is {result}") break print(result) ``` ::: ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Fix the following cells of code. ```{python} # Multiply all odd numbers until the result is higher than "n" n = 1000 result = 0 for i in range(n): if i % 2 == 1: result = result * i if result > n: break print(result) ``` ::: --- ## While Loops In addition to for loops, there's another type of loop called a **while loop**. A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a condition is True. ```python while <condition>: <code> ``` ```{python} # Let's use a while loop to count from 1 to 5 num = 1 while num <= 5: print(num) num = num + 1 ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Write a program that gets list of numbers and calculates the sum of these numbers until the sum equates or exceeds a certain threshold (e.g., 100). It prints a message with the result and the number where it stopped. ```{python} list_numbers = [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9] threshold = 10 # Initialize the result in 0 result = 0 # Initialize the list index in 0 index = 0 # Loop through the list of numbers while result < threshold: # Update the result result = list_numbers[index] + result # Move the index forward index = index + 1 print(f"Stopped at {list_numbers[index]}. Result is {result}") ``` ::: Bear in mind that, if the condition never updates, the While loop will run forever! If you run into this case, you can stop the execution by clicking on the "stop" button at the left of the cell. ```{python} num = 1 # This loop will never end while num > 0: num = num + 1 print(num) ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Read the following problems and answer: would you use a FOR loop or a WHILE loop? 1. Calculate the sum of the first 50 even numbers. 2. List the first 20 terms of the Fibonacci sequence. 3. Find the first number in the Fibonacci sequence that is higher than 999. 3. Print all the multiples of 5 between 1 and 100. 4. Find the first 10 prime numbers. 5. Continuously divide a number by 2 until the result is less than 1. 7. Compute the sum of the digits of a number until the sum becomes a single-digit number. 8. Generate and print the first 15 square numbers (1, 4, 9, 16, ...). ::: **Answer.** 1. You know exactly how many even numbers you need (50), so a FOR loop is suitable. 2. The number of terms is fixed (20), making a FOR loop appropriate. 3. You don't know how many iterations it will take to reach a number greater than 999, so a WHILE loop is more suitable. 4. The range of numbers (1 to 100) is fixed, so a FOR loop is ideal. 5. You need exactly 10 primes, so a FOR loop is suitable for counting up to 10. 6. The number of divisions needed is not predetermined, so a WHILE loop is best. 7. You do not know how many times you will need to sum the digits, so a WHILE loop is appropriate. 8. The number of square numbers is fixed (15), making a FOR loop ideal. Now try to code those exercises on your own! Feel free to use Gemini if you get stuck. ```{python} # Code the exercises ``` ::: {.callout-note} ## Exercise Why are the following WHILE loops never ending? ```{python} i = 1 while i != 0: print(f"The value of i={i} is not zero.") i += 1 ``` ```{python} n = 2 while n % 2 == 0: print(f"n is still even: {n}") n = n * 2 ``` ```{python} i = 1 while i > 0: i = i // 2 print(f"i is now: {i}") i += 1 ``` ::: ---

Fundamentals: Looping in Python

What is a List?

For Loops

Using range() with For Loops

Updating Variables in For Loops

Nested For Loops

Flow Control inside For Loops

Skipping One Iteration in a Loop

Stopping Loops Early

While Loops

Using `range()` with For Loops